Sweating
The ability to tightly control and regulate temperature through evaporative cooling directly from the skin gives humans a huge endurance advantage over the rest of the animal kingdom.Overheating is a massive limiter to exercise output so being able to cool down without having to change breathing rate means humans can go and go .
The one downside to sweating is dehydration and electrolyte losses.
The Nuchal Head Ligament
There are plenty of benefits to being upright, it frees up the arms to carry things, we can see further, and being on two legs makes for more efficient long-distance running.⠀The drawback is that the more upright we move the greater the need for stability and postural control, especially for keeping our enormous heads steady.Enter the nuchal ligament, this structure provides passive support and stability to the head and neck. Working with Lieberman at Harvard, he realized that humans, like horses and rabbits, can run without their heads bobbing up and down due to a piece of anatomy the nucbal ligament, which links the head to the spine.
Big, Powerful Tendons
Gluteus maximus is the bodies biggest muscle and because of its position, it is suited perfectly to running more than any other activity.
When it comes to glute activation no activity hits them harder than sprinting, and the faster you go.If ever there was a case for people changing from a heel strike to a midfoot strike when running it's the size of our calf muscles.By running and landing on the midfoot our strong and efficient calf muscle can work eccentrically to absorb the force of impact, when we walk or land on the heel these forces are instead sent jolting up the body into the knees and lower back as the tibialis anterior can’t handle the forces.
Plus, you lose all the free, elastic energy you can potentially get back from the Achilles tendon.
The Achilles is the bodies strongest, thickest tendon. It’s built for high speeds, high forces, and extreme endurance, run on your midfoot to take advantage of the elastic return of the ground reaction forces from the stretch shortening cycle.
"We are very confident that strong selection for running—which came at the expense of the historical ability to live in trees—was instrumental in the origin of the modern human body form," said Dennis Bramble, a biology professor at the University of Utah.
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